Okay, don't worry about the pic from the interior in that case but the exterior hood would be helpful - what type of finish do you have on your house and how old is it?
I'd be amazed if anyone clamped that connection in the wall for two reasons: 1.) It's unnecessary, and 2.) It's dumb. Usually the only time someone would clamp would be on the dryer itself or the exposed duct that the dryer duct connects to. That said, cross your fingers that they didn't pull off a boneheaded move and screw through the ducting.
This is one of those tough things because you don't know what they did until you get up on a ladder and try to pull that thing off. Were I in your situation I'd get up there, maybe get someone to hold the ladder because you might have to struggle with that thing for a few minutes, pull the screws on the exterior flange and hope that a.) it isn't taped, or b.) it's a flex hose (and I fucking hate flex hoses). If either of those is true it should just pull out.
Now, if it is taped, you may or may not have a problem. Tin foil tape used for ducting is pretty weak but sticky. It's really just meant to stop airflow so people often use it sparingly as well. If you can't pull it out you'll have your best luck by twisting - if you can try to jiggle and rotate the duct hood enough you should eventually loosen it to the point where you can twist it and the tape will rip. Probably.
Now, absolute worst case scenario - you can't get the old one off. That's fine.
You should be able to buy something like this pest guard. Basically a cage you install over your existing vent. That doesn't solve the cracks, but you should be able to seal them with some heavy duty silicone or caulking while you're up there.